SEO Course
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What technical SEO covers
Technical SEO makes sure search engines can crawl, render, index and understand your site — and that it loads fast and works on mobile. It’s the “engine room”: invisible to most visitors, but everything else depends on it. The main areas:
| Area | What it includes |
|---|---|
| Crawlability | Site architecture, internal linking, XML sitemaps, robots.txt — so bots find your pages. |
| Indexing | Canonicals, noindex, duplicate-content control — so the right pages get indexed. |
| Rendering | Handling JavaScript so engines see your real content (the JS render trap). |
| Speed & Core Web Vitals | LCP, INP, CLS, server response — fast, stable, responsive pages. |
| Mobile-friendliness | Mobile-first indexing readiness — complete, fast mobile pages. |
| Structured data | Schema markup for rich results and AI-citation support. |
| International & scale | hreflang, faceted navigation, crawl budget, log-file analysis (for large sites). |
| HTTPS & security | Secure connections and correct migrations — a baseline trust signal. |
Crawl, index, render & site architecture
This is the heart of technical SEO. Crawling is bots discovering and fetching pages; indexing is storing them so they can rank; rendering is processing HTML, CSS and JavaScript to “see” the final content. Many modern sites rely on JavaScript that engines don’t render well — so pages can look empty to crawlers. Diagnosing and fixing that (server-side rendering, prerendering, correct hydration) is a high-value technical skill.
Site architecture ties it together: a logical, shallow structure with strong internal linking helps engines crawl efficiently and flows authority to your important pages. The hub-and-spoke model (like this SEO section) is a clean example of architecture done well. For how internal linking sits within on-page work, see on-page vs off-page SEO.